Desenlaces materno-fetales de los embarazos con trastornos hipertensivos: un estudio transversal / Maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancies with hypertensive disorders: a cross-sectional study

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: Los trastornos hipertensivos asociados al embarazo son considerados un problema de salud pública. Se busca describir las características clínicas y desenlaces materno-fetales de las pacientes con esta patología, atendidas en el Hospital Universitario de Santander (HUS) durante el primer semestre de 2017. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se incluyeron las pacientes en estado de embarazo o puerperio con diagnóstico o sospecha de trastorno hipertensivo; se excluyeron aquellas que no pudieron ser clasificadas o no correspondían a éstos. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 181 historias clínicas; la edad de las pacientes osciló entre 14 y 44 años; el 43,7% eran primigestantes; el 40,3% tuvo un control prenatal inadecuado y el 27,5% tenía antecedente de trastorno hipertensivo en gestaciones previas. El 75,1% de las pacientes fueron clasificadas como preeclampsia, 18,2% con hipertensión gestacional, 4,4% con hipertensión más preeclampsia sobreagregada y 2,2% con hipertensión crónica. El 16,9% de las pacientes con preeclampsia debutaron antes de la semana 34, de las cuales el 91,3% tenían criterios de severidad; mientras que entre las demás, el 84% presentaron criterios de severidad. CONCLUSIONES: La preeclampsia fue el trastorno hipertensivo más frecuente, predominó la presentación tardía y severa con importantes tasas de complicación maternas y fetales. Mediante la implementación de estrategias de detección temprana y adecuada atención de los trastornos hipertensivos asociados al embarazo podrían mejorarse los desenlaces materno-fetales.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are considered a public health issue. The aim is to describe the clinical features, maternal - fetal outcomes of patients with this disease, who were admitted at the University Hospital of Santander (Bucaramanga, Colombia) during the first half of 2017. METHOD: Cross-sectional retrospective observational study. Patients in pregnancy or puerperium with diagnosis of hypertensive disorder were included; those who could not be classified or did not correspond were excluded. RESULTS: 181 clinical charts were analyzed, the age of the patients ranged between 14 and 44 years, 43.7% were nulliparous, 40.3% had an inadequate prenatal control and 27.5% had history of hypertensive disorder in previous pregnancies. 75.1% were classified as preeclampsia, 18.2% as gestational hypertension, 4.4% as hypertension and superimposed preeclampsia and 2.2% with chronic hypertension; 16.9% of the patients were of an early-onset preeclampsia before week 34, of which 91.3% had criteria of severity; among the others, 84% presented criteria of severity. CONCLUSION: Preeclampsia was the most frequent hypertensive disorder, late and severe presentation prevailed with important maternal and fetal complication rates. Through the implementation of early detection strategies and adequate care of hypertensive disorders associated with pregnancy maternal and fetal outcomes could be improved.

Ressonância magnética hepática em puérperas estáveis com síndrome HELLP / Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver in postpartum stable women with HELLP syndrome

OBJETIVOS: Descrever os achados hepáticos na ressonância magnética em puérperas estáveis com síndrome HELLP. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, do tipo série de casos, envolvendo 40 puérperas internadas na UTI obstétrica do Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), com diagnóstico de síndrome HELLP completa (presentes todas as alterações laboratoriais) e incompleta (uma ou mais alterações laboratoriais, porém sem todos os critérios diagnósticos) no período de agosto de 2005 a julho de 2006. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 26,8 ± 6,4 anos, com idade gestacional média no parto de 34 semanas. A ressonância magnética foi realizada entre oito e 96 horas depois do diagnóstico de síndrome HELLP (média de 56 + 31horas). O achado mais freqüente foi ascite em 20 por cento (n = 8), seguindo-se derrame pleural (17,5 por cento) e esteatose hepática (7,5 por cento). A intensidade de sinal periportal foi normal em todos os casos e não se observaram casos de isquemia/infarto hepático ou de hematoma parenquimatoso ou subcapsular. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados da ressonância magnética pós-parto em puérperas estáveis com síndrome HELLP foram inespecíficos e, na presente série, não foram encontradas lesões importantes como hematoma parenquimatoso ou subcapsular, representando risco de vida para a paciente. Os resultados encontrados não corroboram a utilização desse exame de rotina para o seguimento de pacientes com síndrome HELLP.

OBJECTIVES: To describe magnetic resonance (MR) findings in the liver of stable patients with HELLP syndrome in the puerpuerium. METHODS: A descriptive study was carried out from August 2005 to July 2006, involving a series of 40 postpartum patients admitted to an obstetric intensive therapy unit in IMIP (Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira) with diagnosis of HELLP syndrome (complete and partial). Complete HELLP syndrome was defined when all laboratory parameters were present and incomplete when one or more but not all laboratory findings were present. All patients had stable clinical conditions and were evaluated with magnetic resonance of the liver and the main findings were recorded. RESULTS: Average maternal age was 26.8 ± 6.4 years and gestational age at delivery was 34 ± 26.8 weeks. The MR imaging was performed between eight and 96 hours after diagnosis of HELLP syndrome (56 ± 31 h). The most frequent findings were ascitis in 20 percent (n = 8), pleural effusion in 17.5 percent and hepatic steatosis in 7.5 percent. The periportal intensity signal was normal in all cases. Cases of liver infarction and sub-capsular or parenchymatous hematoma were not observed. CONCLUSION: Findings of magnetic resonance imaging of the liver in stable HELLP syndrome postpartum patients were few and unspecific. Severe liver injuries such as parenchymatous or sub-capsular hematoma, entailing life risk were not found. Results do not corroborate the use of magnetic resonance as routine examination for stable patients with HELLP syndrome.

Síndrome HELLP: diagnóstico e conduta / HELLP Syndrome: diagnosis and management

A síndrome HELLP é definida pela presença de hemólise, elevação de enzimas hepáticas e trombocitopenia em gestante com toxemia. Sua incidência é estimada em aproximadamente 20 porcento dos casos de pré-eclampsia grave e está associada a grande morbidade materna e perinatal. O diagnóstico laboratorial da síndrome HELLP constitui temática controversa, não havendo consenso tanto quanto aos testes como aos valores a serem utilizados. A conduta das gestantes com síndrome HELLP deve levar em consideração a idade gestacional, a presença de complicações maternas, a vitalidade fetal e as condições do colo uterino. O tratamento ideal, assim como em qualquer caso de toxemia, é o parto. Recentemente, tem-se aventado que a utilização de altas doses de corticóides pode melhorar o desfecho materno, além do já comprovado benefício fetal.

Síndrome de hellp: a propósito de un caso / Síndrome of hellp: with regard to a case

El síndrome de Hellp, indudablemente trae consigo un incremento de la morbi-mortalidad materno neonatal y debe considerarse por consiguiente como un proceso realmente complejo. Presentamos a continuación un caso de este síndrome, con todas sus características y realizamos una revisión de la literatura.

HELLP Syndrome [hemolyisis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets]: a review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, management and anaesthetic considerations

HELLP syndrome [hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets] is associated with poor maternal and fetal outcomes. Maternal mortality has been estimated as high as 24%. These patients are also at greater risks from pulmonary edema, adult respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], abruption placentae, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy [DIC], ruptured liver hematomas, and acute renal failure [ARF]. Perinatal mortality is equally high ranging from 79 to 367 per 1000 live births, and neonatal complications correlate with the severity of maternal disease. Many clinicians view HELLP syndrome as an entity of preeclampsia, and with the varied symptomatology, the initial diagnosis may be obscured. Prodromal signs include: 1] right upper quadrant and/or epigastric pain, 2] nausea and vomiting, 3] headache, 4] visual changes, 5] increased tendency to bleed from minor trauma, 6] jaundice, 7] diarrhea and 8] shoulder or neck pain. Prior to delivery, aggressive obstetric management is directed toward stabilization of the affected organ systems and timely interruption of the pregnancy in the early phase of accelerated disease progression. Definitive therapy is delivery. Parturients with HELLP syndrome are often critically ill; their infants are frequently premature and compromised. Management criteria should include a multidisciplinary approach in a tertiary care centre. The obstetric anesthesia personnel should petform a thorough preanaesthetic evaluation and have considerable knowledge of the pathophysiology of this syndrome. Unless significant coagulopathy is diagnosed, epidural anesthesia is preferred over general anesthesia, and spinal anesthesia is perhaps contraindicated

Síndrome HELLP y coagulopatía / HELLP syndrome and maternal-perinatal mortality

Con este artículo se pretenden revisar las características etiológicas, fisiopatológicas y clínicas del sindrome HELLP y presentar la casuística de morbimortalidad encontrada en el Instituto Materno Infantil-IMI de Santafé de Bogotá en el período de tiempo comprendido entre enero de 1997 y diciembre de 1999

Síndrome de Hellp y rotura hepática: revisión de literatura y presentación de un caso / Syndrome of hellp and hepática breakage: overhaul of Literature and presentation of a case

Realiza una revisión bibliográfica del síndrome de HELLP en la que se analiza la incidencia, manifestaciones clínicas y métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos adecuados en esta patología. Se pone especial énfasis en una complicación: la rotura hepática; de la cual se revisan cuadro clínico, método diagnóstico y tratamiento. Además se presenta un caso de una paciente con todos los datos positivos para un síndrome de HELLP, la misma que en el primer día postparto generó un cuadro de hipotensión y de colección líquida en cavidad, que fue secundaria a una rotura del lóbulo derecho, la misma que fue tratada quirúrgicamente.